EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-BASED ANTISEPTIC SOLUTIONS AGAINST GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria infections cause diseases namely skin infection until sepsis including nosocomial infection. Prevention by antiseptic application is the way to inhibit infection. Some antiseptic compounds that have been used show resistance according to some reports.
Aim: Determine the efficacy of ethanol-based antiseptic solutions against Gram-negative bacteria
Methods : Discs saturated with ethanol-based antiseptic solutions were affixed to Muller Hinton agar which had been smeared by Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA-747, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC BAA-1706, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella sp. , and Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380. The diameter of the inhibition zone was read after 24 hours. Solutions are considered sensitive if the zone of inhibition of growth diameter is more than 6 millimeters (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method).
Result : Acinetobacter baumannii and Salmonella sp is sensitive to solution consisting of ethanol 80 % and ethanol 80 %+ H2O2 0,15% . Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Eschericia coli is sensitive only to solution consisting of ethanol 80 %+ H2O2 0,15% As for Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris, they are resistance to both solutions.
Conclusion: The use of ethanol-based antiseptic solutions with or without H2O2 0.15% addition may not effectively eliminate all gram-negative bacteria from the environment. The addition of 0.15% H2O2 to the antiseptic solution showed a better barrier effect than the solution containing only 80% ethanol. Adding other additives needs to be investigated further to formulate a better antiseptic solution against Gram-negative bacteria.
Save to Mendeley
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Jubeh B, Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Resistance of gram-positive bacteria to current antibacterial agents and overcoming approaches. Molecules. 2020;25(12).
Oliveira J, Reygaert W. Gram Negative Bacteria [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538213/
Guo W, Shan K, Xu B, Li J. Determining the resistance of carbapenemresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to common disinfectants and elucidating the underlying resistance mechanisms. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(4):184–92.
Hamilton AL, Kamm MA, Ng SC. Proteus spp. as Putative Gastrointestinal Pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(3):1–19.
Walther M, Woodruff J, Edele F, Jeffries D, Tongren JE, King E, et al. Innate immune responses to human malaria: heterogeneous cytokine responses to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum correlate with parasitological and clinical outcomes. J Immunol [Internet]. 2006 Oct 2 [cited 2014 Nov 27];177(8):5736–45. Available from: http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5736
WHO. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. Geneva,Switzerland: WHO Press; 2009. 1–64 p.
McDonnell GE. Antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization /. Second. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2017.
Picheansathian W. A systematic review on the effectiveness of alcoholbased solutions for hand hygiene. Int J Nurs Pract. 2004;10(1):3–9.
RI DJBK dan AKKK. Pedoman bahan berbahaya alkes dan pada produk perbekalan kesehatan rumah tangga. Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2012.
Haft RJF, Keating DH, Schwaegler T, Schwalbach MS, Vinokur J, Tremaine M, et al. Correcting direct effects of ethanol on translation and transcription machinery confers ethanol tolerance in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(25).
Fraise AP, Maillard J-Y, Sattar SA. Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilizatione. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. 1–108 p.
Hudzicki J. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol Author Information. Am Soc Microbiol [Internet]. 2009;(December 2009):23. Available from: https://www.asm.org/Protocols/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Pro
Sheldon AT. Antiseptic “resistance”: Real or perceived threat? Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1650–6.
Axel K, Rudolph P, Gonter K, Pittet D. Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels. Lancet. 2002;359:1489–90.
Williamson D, Carter G, Howden B. Current and Emerging Topical Antibacterials and Antiseptics: Agents, Action, and Resistance Patterns. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(3):827–60.
Zubko EI, Zubko MK. Co-operative inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide and iodine against bacterial and yeast species. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2013;6(1):1. Available from: BMC Research Notes
Church LWP. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Clinical Infectious Disease, Second Edition. 2015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33508/jwm.v7i1.2833
